Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, refers to cancer arising from the colon or rectum. It is one of the most common cancers in Australia and can affect both men and women.

Most colorectal cancers develop from small growths in the bowel lining known as polyps. Over time, some polyps can develop into cancer. Early detection and treatment significantly improve outcomes.

Symptoms

Symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary depending on the location of the tumour and may include:

• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool

• A change in bowel habit

• Persistent diarrhoea or constipation

• Abdominal pain or bloating

• Unexplained weight loss

• Fatigue or weakness

• Iron deficiency anaemia

• A feeling of incomplete emptying after bowel motions

Many of these symptoms are common and often relate to non-cancerous conditions. However, persistent symptoms should always be medically assessed.

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase the risk of colorectal cancer include:

• Increasing age

• Family history of bowel cancer or polyps

• Inherited cancer syndromes

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Smoking

• Obesity

• Excess alcohol intake

• Diets high in processed or red meat

• Low physical activity

While colorectal cancer is more common in older adults, younger-onset colorectal cancer is increasing and can occur in people under the age of 50.

Screening

Bowel cancer screening can detect cancer early, often before symptoms develop. In Australia, the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program uses a faecal occult blood test (FOBT) mailed to eligible participants.

A positive screening test does not necessarily mean cancer is present, but further investigation with colonoscopy is required.